Sun Tzu the Art of Warused to Combat Psychological Warfare

Ancient Chinese military treatise by Sun Tzu

The Art of State of war

Author	(trad.) Sunday Tzu
Country	Cathay
Language	Classical Chinese
Subject	Military machine art
Publication date	5th century BC
Text	The Art of War at Wikisource

The Art of War
Traditional Chinese	孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese	孙子兵法
Literal meaning	"Master Sun's Armed services Methods"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ Wade–Giles Sunone-tzŭ3 ping1-fa3 IPA [swə́ntsɹ̩̀ píŋfà] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí bīngfaat Jyutping Syunone-zi2 bing1-faat3 IPA [sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚] Southern Min Tâi-lô Dominicus-tzú ping-huat Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *sˤun tsəʔ praŋ p.kap

The Art of State of war (Chinese: 孫子兵法) is an aboriginal Chinese armed services treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period (roughly fifth century BC). The work, which is attributed to the aboriginal Chinese armed services strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun"), is equanimous of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a different gear up of skills (or "art") related to warfare and how it applies to military strategy and tactics. For about 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that was formalized as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the well-nigh influential strategy text in Eastward Asian warfare^[one] and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western military machine thinking, business tactics, legal strategy, lifestyles and beyond.

The book contains a detailed explanation and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese military machine, from weapons and strategy to rank and discipline. Sun also stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the war effort. Considered one of history's finest military tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the basis of advanced military training for millennia to come.

The book was translated into French and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A partial translation into English language was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the championship The Book of War. The first annotated English language translation was completed and published past Lionel Giles in 1910.^[2] Military and political leaders such every bit the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American military general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. are all cited as having drawn inspiration from the book.^[iii]

History [edit]

Text and commentaries [edit]

The Art of War is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese military general known equally Sun Tzu (at present Romanized "Sunzi") meaning "Primary Lord's day". Sun Tzu was traditionally said to take lived in the 6th century BC, but The Art of State of war 's earliest parts probably engagement to at least 100 years later on.^[4]

Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the beginning of Prc's 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition that a text on armed forces matters was written by one "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC – 495 BC).^[5] This text was traditionally identified with the received Master Sun'southward Fine art of War. The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a war machine theorist from the end of the Leap and Fall period (776–471 BC) who fled his habitation land of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his power to railroad train even "dainty palace ladies" in warfare and to have made Wu'southward armies powerful plenty to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu. This view is still widely held in Red china.^[half-dozen]

The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early on tertiary century Advertizement authored the earliest known commentary to the Art of War.^[5] Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.^[five] The Art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.^[5]

[edit]

Beginning around the 12th century, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical archetype The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), which mentions well-nigh of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period.^[5] The proper name "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,^[7] and has been suspected to be a fabricated-upward descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Dominicus" is glossed every bit the related term "fugitive" ( xùn , 遜 ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( wǔ , 武 ), which corresponds to Sunzi's role every bit the hero'south doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[8] In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC past Sunday Tzu's purported descendant Sun Bin, every bit a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote.^[5] Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the cosmos of the historical figure "Sun Tzu" through a course of euhemerism.^[8]

In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in ii Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 Ad) tombs near the metropolis of Linyi in Shandong Province.^[nine] Among the many bamboo sideslip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed betwixt 134 and 118  BC, respectively were two split texts, one attributed to "Dominicus Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Sunday Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Fine art of War by Sunzi.^[ten] The Dominicus Bin text'southward textile overlaps with much of the "Dominicus Tzu" text, and the 2 may be "a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Dominicus proper noun".^[11] This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were two texts that could accept been referred to every bit "Master Sun's Art of War", not one.^[x] The content of the earlier text is about ane-third of the capacity of the modernistic The Fine art of War, and their text matches very closely.^[9] It is at present generally accepted that the earlier The Fine art of War was completed sometime between 500 and 430 BC.^[10]

The 13 chapters [edit]

The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or piān ); the collection is referred to equally beingness one zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle").

The Art of War chapter names and contents

Chapter	Lionel Giles (1910)[12]	R. L. Wing (1988)	Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)	Grub-Hou Wee (2003)	Michael Nylan (2020)	Contents
I	Laying Plans	The Calculations	Initial Estimations	Detail Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計)	First Calculations	Explores the v fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and vii elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual divergence from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must non be commenced without due consideration.
2	Waging War	The Challenge	Waging War	Waging War (Chinese: 作戰)	Initiating Battle	Explains how to sympathize the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements rapidly. This department advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
3	Attack by Stratagem	The Programme of Attack	Planning Offensives	Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻)	Planning an Attack	Defines the source of strength equally unity, non size, and discusses the 5 factors that are needed to succeed in any state of war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
Iv	Tactical Dispositions	Positioning	Military machine Disposition	Disposition of the Regular army (Chinese: 軍形)	Forms to Perceive	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
V	Use of Energy	Directing	Strategic Military Power	Forces (Chinese: 兵勢)	The Disposition of Power	Explains the employ of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
Vi	Weak Points and Strong	Illusion and Reality	Vacuity and Substance	Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實)	Weak and Potent	Explains how an army'southward opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area.
VII	Maneuvering an Ground forces	Engaging The Force	Military machine Combat	Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭)	Contending Armies	Explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
VIII	Variation of Tactics	The 9 Variations	Nine Changes	Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變)	Nine Contingencies	Focuses on the need for flexibility in an regular army'south responses. It explains how to answer to shifting circumstances successfully.
9	The Regular army on the March	Moving The Forcefulness	Maneuvering the Regular army	Movement and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍)	Fielding the Army	Describes the dissimilar situations in which an army finds itself as information technology moves through new enemy territories, and how to reply to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
X	Nomenclature of Terrain	Situational Positioning	Configurations of Terrain	Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Conformations of the Lands	Looks at the 3 general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the 6 types of basis positions that arise from them. Each of these half dozen field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
Eleven	The Nine Situations	The Nine Situations	9 Terrains	The Nine Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Nine Kinds of Ground	Describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from handful to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in social club to successfully navigate them.
XII	Attack by Fire	The Fiery Attack	Incendiary Attacks	Attacking with Burn down (Chinese: 火攻)	Attacks with Burn	Explains the general utilise of weapons and the specific utilize of the surroundings as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for set on, the five types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
13	Use of Spies	The Employ of Intelligence	Employing Spies	Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間)	Using Spies	Focuses on the importance of developing adept data sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to all-time manage each of them.

Cultural influence [edit]

Armed forces and intelligence applications [edit]

Across Due east Asia, The Fine art of War was function of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

During the Sengoku period (c.  1467–1568), the Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Fine art of State of war.^[xiii] The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Air current, Woods, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the air current, silent as a forest, ferocious every bit fire and immovable equally a mountain.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Fine art of War is cited equally influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Problems of China'southward Revolutionary War, and includes Mao'due south quote: "We must not scoff the saying in the book of Dominicus Wu Tzu, the dandy military expert of ancient Prc, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you lot can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"^[xiii]

During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied The Fine art of State of war and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. Full general Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Fine art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu catastrophe major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and Due south. General Võ, later the primary PVA military machine commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid educatee and practitioner of Lord's day Tzu's ideas.^[14] America'southward defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. military theory.^{[14] [xv] [16]}

The Department of the Army in the United states of america, through its Control and General Staff College, lists The Fine art of State of war as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library.^[17]

The Fine art of State of war is listed on the Marine Corps Professional person Reading Program (formerly known equally the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel.^[xviii]

The Fine art of War is used as instructional textile at the U.s. Military machine Academy at West Point, in the class Military Strategy (470),^[19] and it is too recommended reading for Officer cadets at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders have stated the post-obit about Sun Tzu and The Art of War:

"I ever kept a re-create of The Fine art of War on my desk."^[20] – General Douglas MacArthur, 5 Star Full general & Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

"I accept read The Art of State of war by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."^[21] – General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Counselor, and Secretary of State.

According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Art of War was studied and widely used past the KGB: "I will force the enemy to take our force for weakness, and our weakness for forcefulness, and thus will turn his strength into weakness".^[22] The book is widely cited past KGB officers in accuse of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff'southward novel Le Montage.

Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Fine art of War; Airo kept the volume on his bedside table in his quarters.^{[ citation needed ]}

Application outside the military machine [edit]

The Fine art of War has been applied to many fields outside of the armed services. Much of the text is about how to outsmart one'southward opponent without actually having to engage in physical battle. Equally such, information technology has found application every bit a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve bodily combat.

The Art of State of war is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about fraud (mostly in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles ( Du pian xin shu , 杜騙新書 , c.  1617), which dates to the late Ming dynasty.^[23]

Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book to part politics and corporate business strategy.^{[24] [25] [26]} Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their fundamental executives.^[27] The book is also popular amongst Western business circles citing its utilitarian values regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to information technology for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education.^[28]

The Art of State of war has been the discipline of legal books^[29] and legal manufactures on the trial procedure, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.^{[thirty] [31] [32] [33]}

The book The 48 Laws of Ability by Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in The Art of War.^[34]

The Art of War has also been applied in sports. National Football League coach Bill Belichick, record holder of the most Super Bowl wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration for The Art of War.^{[35] [36]} Brazilian association football game charabanc Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Art of War for Brazil's successful 2002 World Cup campaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Fine art of State of war underneath his players' doors in the dark.^{[37] [38]}

The Art of State of war is oftentimes quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in esports. "Play To Win" by David Sirlin analyses applications of the ideas from The Art of State of war in modern esports. The Art of War was released in 2014 equally an e-book companion aslope the Fine art of War DLC for Europa Universalis IV, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword by Thomas Johansson.

Film and idiot box [edit]

The Art of State of war and Dominicus Tzu take been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including In the 1987 motion-picture show Wall Street, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) oft references it ^[39] The 20th James Bond flick, Dice Another Day (2002) also references The Art of War as the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his begetter.^[40] and in The Sopranos. In season iii, episode viii ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the book.^[41] and the Star Expedition: The Next Generation first-flavour episode "The Concluding Outpost", William Riker quotes The Art of War to Helm Picard, who expressed pleasure that Sun Tzu was still taught at Starfleet Academy. Afterwards in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and The Art of War with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Art of War is a 2000 action spy film directed by Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes, Michael Biehn, Anne Archer and Donald Sutherland.^[42]

Notable translations [edit]

• Sun Tzu on the Fine art of War. Translated by Lionel Giles. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
• The Art of State of war. Translated by Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Printing. 1963. ISBN978-0-nineteen-501476-1. Part of the UNESCO Drove of Representative Works.
• Sun Tzu, The Art of War. Translated by Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988. ISBN978-0877734529.
• The Art of Warfare. Translated past Roger Ames. Random Business firm. 1993. ISBN978-0-345-36239-1. .
• The Fine art of War. Translated past John Minford. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN978-0-670-03156-half-dozen.
• The Fine art of War: Sunzi's Military Methods. Translated past Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia Academy Printing. 2007. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• The Art of War. Translated by Peter Harris. Everyman'due south Library. 2018. ISBN978-1101908006.
• The Scientific discipline of War: Sun Tzu'southward Art of War re-translated and re-considered. Translated by Christopher MacDonald. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books. 2018. ISBN978-988-8422-69-2.
• The Art of War. Translated by Michael Nylan. Due west.West. Norton & Company, Inc. 2020. ISBN9781324004899.

See also [edit]

Concepts [edit]

• Armed services treatise
• Philosophy of state of war

Books [edit]

• Achtung – Panzer! by Heinz Guderian
• Arthashastra
• Bansenshukai
• Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
• Dream Pool Essays by Shen Kuo
• Epitoma rei militaris past Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• Guerrilla Warfare past Che Guevara
• Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
• History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
• Huolongjing by Liu Bowen
• Infanterie Greift An past Erwin Rommel
• On Protracted State of war by Mao Zedong
• On War by Carl von Clausewitz
• Records of the K Historian
• Seven Military Classics
• Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence
• The 33 Strategies of War
• The Art of War past Niccolò Machiavelli
• The Book of Five Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
• The Influence of Sea Ability upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan
• The Jewish War by Josephus
• The Science of Military Strategy
• The Utility of Forcefulness by Rupert Smith
• Xxx-Half dozen Stratagems

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
2. ^ Giles, Lionel The Fine art of War past Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
3. ^ Hlavatý, Jozef; Ližbetin, Ján (2021-01-01). "The Use of the Fine art of State of war Ideas in the Strategic Decision-making of the Visitor". Transportation Research Procedia. 14th International scientific conference on sustainable, modern and safe transport. 55: 1273–1280. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.110. ISSN 2352-1465.
4. ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
6. ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–13.
7. ^ Mair (2007), p. 9.
8. ^ ^{a b} Mair (2007), p. x.
9. ^ ^{a b} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
11. ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. xviii.
12. ^ Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.). Sunday-tzu ping fa [The art of state of war]. Translated by Lionel Giles (Classic ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Printing. ISBN978-1-934255-fifteen-5. OCLC 433665014.
13. ^ ^{a b} Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Printing. pp. 17, 141–43.
14. ^ ^{a b} McCready, Douglas. Learning from Lord's day Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu". Archived from the original on 2011-ten-11. Retrieved 2009-12-19 .
15. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Chat with Sonshi
16. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Art of State of war: Sun Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
17. ^ Army, U. S. (1985). Military History and Professional Development. U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
18. ^ "Messages".
19. ^ "Department of War machine Instruction Job Opportunities | United States War machine Academy West Point". westpoint.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
20. ^ United States Military Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989), 5–6, 93–94.
21. ^ "Chinese Military Strategist Sun Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".
22. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The Country Within a Country: The KGB and Its Hold on Russian federation – Past, Nowadays, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, chapter Who was behind perestroika?
23. ^ "Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia University Printing". Columbia University Printing.
24. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Dominicus Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
25. ^ McNeilly, Mark. "Sun Tzu and the Art of Business : Half-dozen Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford University Press, 1996.
26. ^ Krause, Donald One thousand. "The Art of War for Executives: Aboriginal Knowledge for Today's Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Grouping, 1995.
27. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Art of Negotiation." South Mainland china Forenoon Post (April 21, 2006) p. 15
28. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Instructor Diary Study to Utilise Ancient Art of State of war Strategies to Professional Development". The International Journal of Learning. 7 (three): 21–36.
29. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
30. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of State of war and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Mutual Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer Fifty. Rev. 861–73
31. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Fine art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
32. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu's The Fine art of War to Trial Advocacy" Apr 21, 2007
33. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of War: Pursuing Electronic Evidence as Your Corporate Opportunity"
34. ^ "The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene". Penguin Random House Canada . Retrieved 2020-10-27 .
35. ^ Lauletta, Tyler. "Bill Belichick explains how advice from Sun Tzu'due south 'The Art of War' helped build the Patriots dynasty". Business organisation Insider . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
36. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games downwardly to the fine fine art of war". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
37. ^ July 2011, Celso de Campos Jr 01 (July 2011). "Luiz Felipe Scolari: One-on-One". fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
38. ^ Winter, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Mind games attain new high as Scolari studies art of war". Irish Contained.
39. ^ "Bud Trick: Sun-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If aroused, irritate him. If equally matched, fight, and if not carve up and reevaluate". world wide web.quotes.net . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
40. ^ Die Some other Twenty-four hours (2002) - IMDb , retrieved 2020-06-05
41. ^ Globe, Boston. "Hey, if Tony's reading it, it's got to exist good". baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
42. ^ "The Art of War (2000) - IMDb". IMDb.

Sources [edit]

• Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Sun tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early on Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Social club for the Report of Early China; Institute of E Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN978-1-55729-043-4.
• Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415239554.
• Griffith, Samuel (2005). Lord's day Tzu: The Illustrated Fine art of War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195189995.
• Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN978-0-521-47030-8.
• Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Fine art of War: Lord's day Zi's Armed forces Methods. New York: Columbia University Printing. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• Smith, Kidder (1999). "The Military Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore (ed.). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume i (2d ed.). New York: Columbia University Printing. pp. 213–24. ISBN978-0-231-10938-3.
• Yuen, Derek K. C. (2014). Deciphering Sun Tzu: How to Read 'The Art of War' . Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0199373512.
• Вєдєнєєв, Д. В.; Гавриленко, О. А.; Кубіцький, С. О. (2017). Остроухова, В. В. (ed.). Еволюція воєнного мистецтва: у 2 ч.

External links [edit]

• The Art of War at Standard Ebooks
• The Art of War Chinese-English language bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
• The Art of State of war at Projection Gutenberg translated by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Art of War at Project Gutenberg translated (with Chinese text) by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Book of State of war at Project Gutenberg translated by E.F. Calthrop (1908)
• The Art of War public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original available)
• Sunday Tzu's Art of State of war at Sonshi (archive.today) Alternative link
• Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Constitute for National Strategic Studies of National Defence force Academy
• 11 The Nine Situations | The Art of War by Dominicus Tzu (Animated)
• The Fine art of War illustrated version, on Theoriq.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War

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